Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. Devine, P. G. (1989). We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Manson, J. H. (2020). Model: Je vais visiter\ldots Je vais voir\ldots Je vais (faire)\ldots, Search words: myswitzerland.com: une histoire d'eau We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. D) GRIT. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. (1974). If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. With this preferential perspective for ones own group, people are not punishing the other one so much as neglecting it in favor of their own. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. : Men are more intelligent. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). self-fulfilling. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. This phenomenon is known as ________. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. Impact. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. 1. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim. These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. . Understandably, people from the first list of groups tends to score higher on SDO, while those from the second group tend to score lower. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. The firm does the following: b. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. a. Ethnocentrism. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. 2. scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. According to Gallup's polling . The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. e. Essentialism. (tn dn si) n., pl. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. Ethnocentrism is the term that denotes this kind of behavior. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). C) a win-win solution. the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. b. egocentrism.c. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. attitude. The tendency to favor one's own . As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. HLT. a. cognitive dissonance. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. And whether you recognize this favoritism as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic (unintended,immediate, and irresistible). B) self-serving bias. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. d. Catharsis. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. c. frontal lobes b. physical attractiveness. c. outgroup bias. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: c. cognitive dissonance. When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. Psychology. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. What was the highest marginal tax rate for married taxpayers in 1970? They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. B) Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). c. the social-responsibility norm. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to, The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as, Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. d. vivid cases. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. ethnocentrism.d. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. Altemeyer, B. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. a. more; less In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. exclusivity. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. a. warrior (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? a. a dispositional attribution. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. (2020). A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. They prescribe "proper" behavior. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. b. the just-world phenomenon. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. 33. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. d. sensory cortex. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases. a. amygdala This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. a. This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.