Commendably, it has succeeded-at least partly-in expanding the market by building products with appeal to a wider audience. Yet, the knowledge test questions have only been partly updated to reflect the new doctrine and FAA has scarcely paid any attention to wholesale curriculum redesign, a change that would require active industry support. When we become overconfident or complacent, our attitude subtly shifts and our margin of safety begins to erode. 4. 0000009613 00000 n VV|_Np;_e>z|f}.~}"QigZfme)P8$q@R pE@kJa\5:o3jw%\Y.C~d,yN%p!m!=J\,ViyAxy=F}=AXS4B[D\`%=EMw:S)'H"C~\\V|j"=]izdMZ0Cu]8,pP$_=)wWXS% > zh;l*ov-e^sOf!Q!aef1EoqmFJk7E1rQQRoE54Ury,Yw}~*rQpLOwS;L>.OQ(9K>^ Y!MG`kQm,$n6zzug5?P\ 229 0 obj <> endobj xref 229 28 0000000016 00000 n Rigorously evaluating the situation, including its risks, is vital to ensuring a safe work environment. I wanted to see quick results and I had high hopes major general aviation organizations would support this effort. 0000004202 00000 n 0000004574 00000 n 0000007279 00000 n endobj 3. 936 0 obj Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. Accidents associated with high winds and frozen precipitation also ranked high in the database. 0000003926 00000 n After 32 years of piloting experience, Jack Keenan joined the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as an aviation safety inspector. In my view, this analysis was flawed since it tended to accept the NTSB primary and causal accident factors as the root cause of the accident. I was dumb-founded. 0000000816 00000 n To avoid them, we must constantly make the painstakingly difficult assessment of our own mental condition. A built-in sense of invulnerability originates as a survival mechanism. Definition. Many small training entities and some individual instructors have embraced TAA training. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 607.0547 161.3428 619.9453]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Could the accident have been prevented if the pilot had conducted effective risk management by identifying, assessing and mitigating hazards using simple and common techniques? These statistics are compiled from information contained in Storm Data, a database comprising information from NWS forecast offices in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. 0000005772 00000 n 0000016864 00000 n These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. 0000011706 00000 n The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. When there is an ardent desire to accomplish a goal, people fool themselves into believing that they can do something that stretches the limits of their abilities. Keenan explained that, at the core, these missteps are rooted in emotional behaviors. I lost control and slammed into an innocent bystander. 0000004918 00000 n None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. I just couldnt resist the opportunity to try and create a product that embraced all of the training concepts that I had been advocating. I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. Even the FAA pays homage to the concept and frequently parrots it has a risk-based approach to safety oversight. Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. 0000002571 00000 n hb``e``e`a`~ l@q*_1y ;P@LbADFRe Perhaps I wasn't as safe a rider as I had thought. "With an overall fatality rate of 83.1 percent, weather accidents remain the deadliest of all" (AOPA, 1999, p. 20). 0000005753 00000 n 0000013102 00000 n In an effort to decrease pilot judgment-related accidents, the Federal Aviation Administration teaches new pilots about hazardous attitudes that are believed to be incompatible with safe flight: macho, impulsive, worry, resignation, self-confidence, and antiauthority. He attributed much of general aviations failure to embrace modernization and change as a result of the overarching influence of what he terms, romantic, elitist, macho enthusiasts.Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. 0000004352 00000 n 937 0 obj 0000013948 00000 n Adverse wind (/1 pts ) . Alcohol-All pilots should know better than to mix alcohol with flying. 0000007657 00000 n For example, why did the pilot lose control? Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere? The . 6. If you own or fly a TAA, its time to speak up and help us move beyond the white-scarf era. Scholarly Commons | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Research Lightning-quick responses are essential to safety and survival in some circumstances, but in most situations, including many emergencies, its better to take some time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. The typical Cirrus customer doesnt go to the airport to get REMEd out but rather goes there so he can use his airplane to get somewhere. When there is a strong need to get the job done or to get somewhere quickly, one may feel justified in bending the rules. Rather than using real-world scenarios for training and testing, the existing system is based more on rote knowledge acquisition and performing traditional training maneuvers.The cause of most fatalsThe FAA (before my watch) spent considerable time, effort, and money trying to analyze accident causality with a human factors approach. At the extreme end of the spectrum, people with a hazardous macho attitude will feel a need to continually prove that they are better pilots than others and will take foolish chances to demonstrate their superior ability. There is still no way to determine how many of these pilots had datalink weather available to them, but it is reasonable to assume that many did. What is risk management in the context of TAA training? These attitudes often pop up in everyday life, aviation, the military, and construction. '? Risk factors associated with weather-related general aviation accidents [electronic resource] / National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D.C 2005. There are very few times when lightning-quick responses are essential to safety and survival. I've never been more shocked than the day I broke my leg skiing. Even technologies such as synthetic vision have become the new norm. On the other side of the fence are elements that want to change the status quo and not just with better training. 0000005177 00000 n I personally created and often taught the risk management segment. Additionally, they often dont select the best option but instead, do the first thing that comes to mind. Keenan recently visited Volpe to discuss causal factors in aircraft accidents, with a focus on pilots. <>/Metadata 926 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[930 0 R 931 0 R 932 0 R 933 0 R 934 0 R 935 0 R]>>/Outlines 159 0 R/Pages 925 0 R/StructTreeRoot 164 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> A good checklist for these items is the I'M SAFE checklist. . 0000014911 00000 n They are antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. 0000014932 00000 n 0000011497 00000 n Stress-Numerous forms of stress can alter our decision-making ability. While I was in that role, I did not initiate controversial and counter-productive rulemaking initiatives involving training. The FAA outlines five hazardous attitudes that can compromise a pilot's decision-making: anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. %PDF-1.7 % Remember, too, that many cold remedies include alcohol as an active ingredient, so be certain not to use these before flying. After leaving the FAA, Eclipse Aviation offered me the job of Director of Customer Flight Training. <>stream An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. 0000008266 00000 n <> 0000002192 00000 n I loved that machine, and it was with great sorrow that I watched its new owner ride away. If you own or fly a TAA, its time to speak up and help us move beyond the white-scarf era.In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. 0000003787 00000 n ~%jvN0VQ95vvvXNF]( <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(library-corescholar@wright.edu)/Rect[391.8911 72.3516 516.2739 82.8984]/StructParent 8/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Five Hazardous Attitudes . )z 0000005993 00000 n 0000015010 00000 n While these terms all have negative connotations, each really represents a trait or characteristic embodied in the psyche of every human mind. Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents. Evaluating the effectiveness of one's ADM skills. I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. We tend to believe that accidents happen to other pilots; besides, virtually all the factors that affect safety are under our direct control. Hello world! To get a type rating, all you have to do is stay within the test parameters. My leg snapped like a frozen twig. The third category is psychological stressors, and these include myriad factors such as peer pressure, self-image, get-home-itis and the hurry-up syndrome. People with a hazardous macho attitude feel the need to continually prove that they are better than others. H@pHKXDi! Hurry to feather a failed engine in a light twin, and you might inadvertently feather the wrong one. Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. With ever-evolving technology, it is inevitable that human factors will continue to cause accidents. w r i g h t . The flight instructor community could be effective in this regard, if it could speak with a unified voice.The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. <>>>>> 0000002983 00000 n It never occurred to me that I was pushing the limits when I rode. They are apt to think that it is good luck when things go well, and bad luck when things go poorly. Macho What is a proven antidote for an impulsive attitude? "Y) /A 57 0 R /Parent 45 0 R /Next 58 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 580 ] >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Title (1PdC{#) /Count 2 /Last 50 0 R /First 51 0 R /A 52 0 R /Next 45 0 R /Prev 53 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Title (a*N_\)? Poor pilot judgment was cited as a key factor in most GA weather-related accidents. Rather, the results are based on a statistical comparison of accident and nonaccident flights that allows for the generalization of findings from this study to the wider population of GA pilots and flights that may be at risk for a weatherrelated accident. Aviation is full of challenges: flight planning, decision making, computing, and navigating. The feeling of invulnerability should be balanced against an equally keen sense of caution. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude.I have a good friend who is a general aviation industry executive. It heavily emphasized risk management and single-pilot resource management. When stressors mount, the attitudes that we normally keep in check may begin to adversely influence our decision-making ability. Its no great secret that nearly all new-production aircraft now have glass cockpits and advanced devices such as weather data link. Also, Middle Tennessee State University did some pioneering work with a combined private-instrument rating curriculum-with a single test-and the regulations have been changed to enable that option.I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. As I said earlier, it would be simple but inaccurate to blame FAA totally for deficiencies in TAA training. 0000005731 00000 n When we develop hazardous attitudes in flying, we are truly courting disaster. 0000003132 00000 n <>stream The top two Hazardous Attitudes were . The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. 0000005928 00000 n If everyone believed they would be injured constantly, we would never have left the cave. 0000005320 00000 n Its just that they need to be empirically justified by how effective they are in preventing accidents while simultaneously addressing utility in practical flight operations. Remember that the psychological stresses of work, school, family, or personal life are carried with you into the cockpit and can degrade your performance. A total of 135 nonaccident flights were included in the study. 0000003086 00000 n endobj 0000003065 00000 n Understanding each of these hazardous attitudes can help pilots of all skill levels manage risk and make safer decisions in the skies. Macho, Anti-authority, Resignation, Impulsivity, Invulnerability Complacency can be most closely associated with. It was simply impossible that such a thing could happen to me. One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. Anti-authority: Regarding rules, regulations, and procedures as unnecessary. 928 0 obj Take mental note of all the factors influencing the safety of the flight. cESW#9kD{{. The FAA has identified five hazardous attitudes that have the potential to influence the pilots' ability to respond to "people, situations, or events" in a manner conducive to aviation safety (FAA, 2017a, p. 2-5). I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world.It would detract too much from the subject of this article to discuss any of the well-known issues that Eclipse critics have harped on, so youll just have to settle for my training soapbox. The U.S. Natural Hazard Statistics provide statistical information on fatalities, injuries, and damages caused by weather related hazards. 932 0 obj 0000004070 00000 n For example, in a loss-of-control accident, the pilots inability to control the aircraft would often be considered a skill deficiency. When we find ourselves tempted to react impulsively, we can remind ourselves to think first. United States. 19th February 2020. %PDF-1.4 % trailer Ill leave that one for a future article but its clear that managing risk is becoming the name of the game. The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. People with this mindset are more likely to increase their risk by taking chances. This effort tended to label accidents as either skill-based or decision-based. These studies tended to show most accidents were due to skill-based pilot errors. 0000004755 00000 n What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? 0000021228 00000 n Figure 1 illustrates how rail accidents are influenced by the seasonal effects of weather. 0000006924 00000 n We then estimate the correction required. 0000006341 00000 n endobj endobj National Transportation Safety Board. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Study of Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents4. Results Descriptive Statistics Table 2 and shows the regularity with which the Hazardous Attitudes were found in the analyzed accidents. The regulations we fly by have literally been written in blood and exist for our protection. 0000002716 00000 n 0000003462 00000 n Keeping this attitude in check, and acknowledging limits, is important for the safety of everyone. Workers often try to prove that they are tougher than their peers. 0000005447 00000 n They may be resentful of having someone trying to tell them what to do and may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as unnecessary or silly. 0000004499 00000 n endobj 0000002802 00000 n 0000006718 00000 n Invulnerability: Believing that an accident is unlikely. 3 d|{}6`DR!M.sa:pt{ [QPpwyK[$6j+EWi?{Fzi[K._ All rights reserved. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. endobj One representation of this process is called the DECIDE model. %PDF-1.4 % 0000023460 00000 n They rationalize these deviations with similar arguments, including, "There was nobody else in the pattern," or, "I know the checklist by heart," or, "I've done this hundreds of times.". As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children.Where do we go from here?As I said earlier, it would be simple but inaccurate to blame FAA totally for deficiencies in TAA training. ^q+HLu_yBRSU[xs@m+!fQ@ F"7 0000017189 00000 n We know that as long as we make good decisions, we should never have an accident. To save a few seconds of time, pilots sometimes abbreviate the traffic pattern or use non-standard entries, skip checklists, or fly closer to the clouds and in poorer weather conditions than legally allowed. Psychological stressors are probably the most common cause of allowing antiauthority traits to run amuck. National Transportation Safety Board. The area where traveling TAA fared the worst was in weather-related accidents. The art and science of risk management is now a fundamental concept that permeates virtually all industrial processes from nuclear power plant management to-you guessed it-aviation safety. Fundamentally, the key to effective TAA training may not involve the glass at all but rather the proper use of higher-order pilot skills-especially risk management.A little recent historyThe TAA revolution really took hold in the early part of the last decade (2001-2005), and in the five years since then has matured. 0000005379 00000 n Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. The AOPA Air Safety Foundation (ASF) will continue to monitor the TAA safety record and report as new findings . However, this feeling of invulnerability should always be tempered by an equally strong sense of caution. 0000001286 00000 n He attributed much of general aviations failure to embrace modernization and change as a result of the overarching influence of what he terms, romantic, elitist, macho enthusiasts.. We choose a desirable outcome, initiate change by doing something, and evaluate the effect of this action on correcting the deviation. The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. 4. Perhaps our built-in sense of invulnerability is a survival mechanism that allows us to cope with the prospect of injury or death. On the other side of the fence are elements that want to change the status quo and not just with better training. Providing GA pilots with additional guidance regarding sources of preflight weather information. Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. But there are times when reacting too quickly can get us into trouble. Statistical analyses were used to determine the relationships between study variables and accident/nonaccident status and to identify variables that could be linked to an increased risk of weather-related GA accident involvement. The collaborative instructor spends as much time and energy as needed to work with the student pilot until any flight training issues associated with hazardous attitudes are resolved to the mutual . 0000001547 00000 n Fatigue-It's difficult to think clearly and rationally when you're tired. 953 0 obj You can be type-rated to carry passengers at FL410 without ever getting above 10,000 feet. Especially when we have a strong desire to accomplish a goal, we can fool ourselves into believing that we can do something that is actually stretching the limits of our abilities. This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. His views are solely those of the author and not necessarily of any client he represents. This effort tended to label accidents as either skill-based or decision-based. These studies tended to show most accidents were due to skill-based pilot errors. 0000001832 00000 n Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Hb```g``ec`e`xA@l(x@ezUgO'd3022m?qP(A@EA@T)lRy20 @ ` &} endstream endobj 122 0 obj 150 endobj 91 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 792 ] /Parent 87 0 R /Resources << /Font << /MR 115 0 R /MI 114 0 R /MB 113 0 R /M2 116 0 R /SR 94 0 R /SI 95 0 R /SB 92 0 R /S2 117 0 R /SSR 93 0 R /SSI 98 0 R /SSB 96 0 R /SS2 118 0 R >> /XObject << /Image1 120 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /ImageB /Text ] >> /Contents [ 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R 107 0 R 109 0 R 111 0 R 119 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 610 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SB /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSR /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 94 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SR /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SI /BaseFont /Times-Italic /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSB /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 97 0 obj 563 endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSI /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 97 0 R >> stream A freshly released NTSB study (see the April and May, 2010, issues of Aviation Safety) alleges glass cockpits in general aviation airplanes have not led to expected safety improvements. Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program. Show all. Eating-Nutrition is another important factor that contributes to mental processes, including decision making. Pilots must have a high degree of confidence in their ability to operate an airplane. xb```5L) cc`a 4)fb- I recall how, on a solo cross-country training flight, my abilities were impaired by a bout of airsickness. 0000007215 00000 n In a way, the term technically advanced aircraft (TAA) has become a misnomer but it is still widely recognized as a tag line for a variety of related issues-. People who think, Whats the point? do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them. Many people feel that accidents happen to those around them, but not to themselves. Sinus blockage caused by a head cold, for example, can result in severe vertigo. But when stressors are present, the decision-making process can become strained or fail altogether as the pilot fails to properly evaluate any of the five flight elements. In this world of high-speed computing, information access, and electronic communications, perhaps the most mysterious scientific marvel is the human mind. In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. 0000006319 00000 n The Safety Board published reports on weather- or visibility-related GA accidents in 1968,1 1974,2 1976,3 and 1989.4 The 1968 study considered in detail all GA accidents 1 National Transportation Safety Board, An Analysis of U.S. General Aviation Accidents Involving Weather as a Cause/Related Factor 1966, Notation 155 (Washington, DC: 1968). 0000004184 00000 n