Immunization against infectious disease is a good example. HPV vaccination; From 30 years of age for women from the general population and 25 years of age for women living with HIV: All women as needed: Girls and boys should also be offered, as appropriate. Primary care is a term used to refer to the medical and health services provided to patients in their local community. These preventive stages are primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention . Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention options; and Haddon's injury prevention model, which keys on intervention strategies at the preevent, event, and postevent phases ( 16-18 ). Secondary prevention includes those preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury. Selection from measures listed in Box 11.2 and other alternatives might be considered at any stage of a field investigation. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. The first adopts a public health approach and distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Legal. As part of the deliberation about when and how to intervene, effective and continuous communication with all concerned entities is essential. For example, years elapsed after field studies had clearly implicated antecedent aspirin use as a risk factor for Reye syndrome (10) before industry and the Food and Drug Administration accepted the association and issued warnings to that effect. Deter through civil suits or criminal prosecution. Use of post-exposure prophylaxis after occupational exposure to Zaire ebolavirus. Ansuvimab-zykl (Ebanga) is a monoclonal antibody given as an injection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) produce detailed guidance on PPE: CDC: guidance on personal protective equipment (PPE) to be used by healthcare workers during management of patients with confirmed Ebola or persons under investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be offered vaccination with the Ebola Zaire live vaccine during an active outbreak caused by Zaire ebolavirus in affected areas, in the context of rigorous research or in accordance with a compassionate use protocol, with informed consent. [84]World Health Organization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary prevention strategies include strengthening and creating healthy relationships, reducing risks within the individual's environment, and . These sores usually occur in, on, or around the penis; PPE must be removed slowly and deliberately in the correct sequence to reduce the possibility of self-contamination or other exposure. It is recommended by WHOs Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization as part of a broader set of Ebola outbreak response tools. Assessing causality at each step in an investigation is important not only for assessing the strength of evidence developed up to that point, but also in helping to identify what evidence is missing or requires further attention and for planning additional approaches (e.g., data gathering and analysis) essential for supporting decisions regarding interventions. Such criteria as strength of association, dose-response, and temporality can increase confidence in initiating actions. Interventions for preventing and controlling public health problemsincluding infectious disease outbreaks and noninfectious diseases, injuries, and disabilitiescan be approached through different classification schemes. If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. Lancet. For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. Use contact tracing, partner notification, and treatment. This vaccine is given as a single dose vaccine and has been found to be safe and protective against Zaire ebolavirus, which has caused the largest and most deadly Ebola outbreaks to date. The natural history of a disease classifies into five stages: underlying, susceptible, subclinical, clinical, and recovery/disability/death. "Secondary prevention is [the] set of measures available to individuals and communities for the early detection and prompt intervention to control disease and minimize disability, e.g., by the use of screening programs." ( 7) Stage: early disease, i.e. Ebola virus infection is a notifiable disease. Returning travelers (including healthcare workers) should follow local policies for surveillance and monitor their health for 21 days and seek medical attention if symptoms develop, especially fever. In addition, when interest is intense among politicians, including executive branch leaders (e.g., governors and mayors), such leaders might wish to be visible and demonstrate their interest in protecting the public. At the tertiary level, you could educate people to take their medication appropriately and find ways of working towards rehabilitation from significant illness or disability. Isolation measures should be continued until the patient has tested negative. Plus signs indicate the level of response indicated, ranging from + (low) to +++ (high). Primary, Secondary, and tertiary prevention of Substance abuse. Primary Prevention attempts to reduce the likelihood of substance misuse and/or abuse from occurring. Ebola (Ebola virus disease): prevention and vaccine. Opens in new window, WHO: steps to put on personal protective equipment (PPE) It has been defined as the plans for, and the measures taken, to prevent the onset of a disease or other health problem before the occurrence of the undesirable health event. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Think about your experience of health education, whether as an educator or recipient of health education. < Previous Chapter 10: Collecting and Analyzing Qualitative Data, Next Chapter 12: Communicating During an Outbreak or Public Health Investigation >. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29788347?tool=bestpractice.com Classification as primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention is based on when during the course of disease the intervention is provided. The greater the severity, the sooner a public health intervention is expected. Primary. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1438-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705229, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29020589?tool=bestpractice.com. Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE:[79]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PPE should not be adjusted during patient care. These same concerns commonly confront epidemiologists during field investigations. 22017 Feb 4;389(10068):505-18. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7108a2.htm?s_cid=mm7108a2_w. Preliminary control measures often can start on the basis of limited initial information and then be modified as investigations proceed. Objectives: To describe the clinical manifestations of viral hemorrhagic fever, and to increase clinicians' awareness and knowledge of these illnesses. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Ebola Vaccine: Information about ERVEBO. In civil cases, the plaintiffs attorney in particular must meet a preponderance-of-evidence standard of proof, which means that the factfinder (i.e., the judge or jury) must believe that the plaintiffs version of events is more probable than not for the plaintiff to prevail (13); this standard also has been analogized to a probability of 0.51 or greater (14). Avoid contact with semen from a man who has recovered from EVD, until testing shows that the virus is gone from his semen. Tertiary preventionthose preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant illness. Promptly excluding food service employees symptomatic with vomiting or diarrhea; Monitoring food-handling practices until more specific information is available from the epidemiologic investigation; Educating food handlers about norovirus containment; and, Providing training and education about health codes for restaurant owners (. No patients who received the vaccine developed Ebola virus infection 10 days or more after randomization in the immediate-treatment arm; however, cases occurred in unvaccinated patients in the comparison group. World Health Organization. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola a Suffit!). Avoid contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal fluids) of people who are sick. Secondary prevention is the early detection and early treatment of health conditions, with the aim of curing or lessening their impacts. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. [213]Savini H, Ficko C, Simon F. Post-exposure prophylaxis in Ebola virus disease: don't forget the psychological factors. 2018 Apr;18(4):378. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30131-2/fulltext, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29582761?tool=bestpractice.com. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/ebola-pregnant-and-breastfeeding-women/en, The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine against Ebola (STRIVE) trial, a combined phase II and III clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of rVSV-ZEBOV, found that no cases of Ebola were reported in the 7998 participants who were vaccinated. This section briefly addresses three such concerns. 2 2016 Aug 1;63(3):376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27118786?tool=bestpractice.com. Ebola virus disease: an update on post-exposure prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. The social determinants of health framework also provides a guide to prevention, which requires changing both . February 2016 [internet publication]. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/prevention/index.html. When a problem is perceived as severe (e.g., a death has occurred) and possibly ongoing, the public might demand information and action. The story of toxic shock syndrome further illustrates the reluctance of some to accept epidemiologic evidence in the face of an acute public health problem on the scale of a nationwide epidemic (11). Health Education can be applied at all three levels of disease prevention and can be of great help in maximizing the gains from preventive behavior. World Health Organization. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. An open-label, cluster-randomized, ring vaccination trial in which contacts of a suspected Ebola case were vaccinated with a single intramuscular dose of rVSV-ZEBOV was conducted in Guinea. In his seminal article on criteria for assessing causal associations in epidemiology, Austin Bradford Hill concluded with a call for basing action on weighing the strength of the epidemiologic evidence against the severity of the consequences of delaying action and of taking premature action (1). https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-09-2019-second-ebola-vaccine-to-complement-ring-vaccination-given-green-light-in-drc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25590682?tool=bestpractice.com, WHO: how to conduct safe and dignified burial of a patient who has died from suspected or confirmed Ebola virus disease https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/ppe/guidance.html. Primary Prevention PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). Guidance on personal protective equipment to be used by healthcare workers during management of patients with confirmed Ebola or persons under investigation for Ebola who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea in US hospitals, including procedures for donning and doffing PPE. How do you think health education can help with the prevention of disease? The interventions operational and logistical feasibility, The public and political perceptions of what is the best course of action, and, Define the scope of the public health problem with available information by assessing. Jacobs M, Aarons E, Bhagani S, et al. It helps block the virus from the cell receptor, preventing its entry into the cell. In practice, however, control measures might be appropriate or warranted at any step in the sequence. Since PPE cannot be modified while in the patient care area, caution should be taken to ensure it is as comfortable as possible before entering the area. Meanwhile, epidemiologic evidence often is the first basis for implicating a causative agent or mode of spread before the results of more in-depth and lengthier scientific investigations become available to support decision-making about interventions. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205570/1/9789241549608_eng.pdf?ua=1 The importance of a "buddy" when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available. Additionally, it considers the sociopolitical context and its possible role in determining interventions. Primary Prevention Approaches that take place before violence has occurred to prevent initial perpetration or victimization. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30131-2/fulltext https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/ebola-pregnant-and-breastfeeding-women/en. This section examines three highly interrelated key determinants: severity of the problem, levels of certainty about key epidemiologic factors, and causation criteria. 2015 Nov;15(11):1300-4. For each potential intervention, consider the costs and benefits of implementing the intervention at that stage of the investigation in the absence of additional information. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise to prevent health problems developing in the future. [88]Kennedy SB, Bolay F, Kieh M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial found that an antibody response to vaccination with ChAd3-ZEBOV or rVSV-ZEBOV was observed in 71% to 84% of active-vaccine recipients versus 3% of placebo recipients by 1 month. Post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus disease with experimental antiviral agents: a case-series of health-care workers. For ease of comprehension, we group the levels of engagement into those that are primary, secondary, and tertiary, deliberately using the same language used for the familiar public health levels of prevention. Avoid funeral or burial practices that involve touching the body of someone who died from EVD or suspect EVD. Doffing: removal of used PPE is a high-risk process that requires a structured procedure, a trained observer, and a designated area for removal to ensure protection. Table Chemoprevention and Immunization for Older Patients Table Lifestyle Measures That Help Prevent Common Chronic Diseases Screening If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Primary crime prevention is directed at stopping the problem before it happens. This vaccine has not been approved in the US as yet. [80]Jacobs M, Aarons E, Bhagani S, et al. If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. Patients in the treatment arm received the vaccine immediately, while vaccination was delayed by 21 days in the control arm. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29020589?tool=bestpractice.com. [81]WHO: Ebola virus disease: vaccines. During the 20142015 Ebola virus disease epidemic in parts of West Africa, many US jurisdictions, often for political reasons, implemented strict quarantine and health monitoring for persons who had traveled to an affected country, despite these persons having no history of exposure to anyone with Ebola virus infection (15). You can review and change the way we collect information below. February 2016 [internet publication]. The vaccine is administered as a single intramuscular dose. This is a rapidly changing field. 1.3: Three Levels of Health Promotion/Disease Prevention is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Remember that primary prevention activities will actually stop the illness happening, while secondary activities stop the illnesses getting worse. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/ppe/guidance.html, Donning: PPE must be donned correctly in proper order before entry into the patient care area. Environmental and other mediating factors; A priori evidence of effectiveness of the intervention; Operational and logistical feasibility; and. Primary prevention is equally important for people with and without disabilities and is the main focus of this element. More commonly, a degree of uncertainty exists about the etiology or sources and the mode of spread (Figure 11.1). Doctors manage the symptoms of Ebola. Clinical surveillance and evaluation of suspected Ebola cases in a vaccine trial during an Ebola epidemic: the Sierra Leone trial to introduce a vaccine against Ebola. However, upstream approaches, e.g. Primary Care. alleviate the burden. Such communication will assist in enabling use of scientific factors as the determinants for selecting the intervention(s) to protect the public against disease and should help minimize the potential for unnecessary, costly, and misleading interventions. N Engl J Med. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321189?tool=bestpractice.com. Although a single criterion might not be convincing in a given context or fully accepted on the basis of the interpreters viewpoint, a combination of well-assessed criteria pointing to a common exposure can strengthen confidence and facilitate support for directed interventions. There are three levels of prevention efforts outlined by Gruman, Schneider, and Coutts (2016) which are primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. At this level health services workers can work to retrain, re-educate and rehabilitate people who have already developed an impairment or disability. During early stages, interventions based on established guidelines for disease control can be applied. This is shown below in Table 1. For example, in a suspected restaurant-associated foodborne illness outbreak, restaurant patrons, the public, owners and management, media, attorneys, and public health officials are each likely to have a different threshold for judging the degree of association between eating food from the restaurant and illness. J Infect Dis. Vaccinations, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. These basic dichotomies are illustrated in Figure 11.1 by four examples that represent the extremes. The most effective prevention interventions identify and . The Ad26.ZEBOV component of the regimen is a monovalent vaccine based on adenovirus serotype 26 vector (Ad26) expressing the EBOV glycoprotein, and is designed to provide active specific acquired immunity to the Zaire ebolavirus. However, adapting certain intervention components might be necessary to make them more acceptable and responsive to the needs of the affected community, potentially affected persons, elected officials, and the media. It is also recommended for healthcare personnel involved in the care and transport of patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus infection at special pathogens treatment centers, and people who work in Laboratory Response Network facilities that handle specimens that might contain replication-competent Ebola virus(Zaire ebolavirus) in the US. Guiding Principles for Interventions Used During Epidemiologic Field Investigations of Acute Public Health Problems, Selected Public Health Intervention Options for Outbreaks and Other Acute Health Threats, Challenges and Evolving Approaches in Interventions, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Legal authority necessary to support implementing the measure. Occasionally people become sick with Ebola after coming into contact with infected animals, which can lead to Ebola outbreaks in people who come in contact with them or others who have EVD. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. 2021 Aug 25;30 (3):177-186. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1731273. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the vaccine, and several African countries have approved it for the prevention of Ebola virus infection caused by Zaire ebolavirus. A useful framework that takes a stratified approach to exposure risk has been proposed. Phase 3 trials are either completed and not published as yet, or ongoing. Healthcare workers who may be exposed to infected patients should follow these steps: Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures, Isolate suspected patients from each other if possible, and confirmed patients from suspected patients, Avoid direct contact with bodies of people who have died from confirmed or suspected infection. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Feb 2022 [internet publication]. Guidance on personal protective equipment to be used by healthcare workers during management of patients with confirmed Ebola or persons under investigation for Ebola who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea in US hospitals, including procedures for donning and doffing PPE. Goal BMI is 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; measure at least annually [Class I]. Responses were largely maintained at 12 months. Secondary prevention includes those measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease. The levels of scientific certainty of the findings. Exclude unvaccinated persons from cohorts of vaccinated persons. In this article, we perform a systematic review of the preventive strategies for esophageal cancer with special emphasis on the differences from the perspectives of Western and Eastern . November2019 [internet publication]. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. One example is botulism, which is a low-probability but high-consequence event. Secondary preventionthose preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury to prevent more severe problems developing. Lancet Infect Dis. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or its complications at an early stage, before symptoms or functional losses occur, thereby minimizing morbidity and mortality. There are no data on the use of Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo vaccine in pregnancy; however, vaccination should not be withheld when there is a clear risk of exposure. Responding or planning to respond to an outbreak of EVD; Laboratorians or other staff working at biosafety-level 4 facilities that work with live Ebola virus in the United States; or, Healthcare personnel working at federally designated. CDC twenty four seven. November2019 [internet publication]. We take your privacy seriously. It may also be considered in patients with intact skin-only contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids. In the areas where EVD is most common, Ebola virus is believed to spread at low rates among certain animal populations. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. PMID: 34776817 In certain situations, control measures follow policy or practice guidelines; in others, interventions are appropriate only after exhaustive epidemiologic investigation. Prevention, as it relates to health, is really about avoiding disease before it starts. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28017403?tool=bestpractice.com, Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo vaccine (Zabdeno/Mvabea), Uses a prime-boost strategy to enhance immunogenicity and involves the use of two distinct viral vectors that are administered as different doses. Lancet Infect Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lancet Infect Dis. Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, et al. Wash your hands, or inner pair of gloves if wearing inner gloves, with soap and water or with 0.05% chlorine solution. The converse situationinvolving a presumed source but unknown etiologyis illustrated by the nationwide outbreak of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome in the United States in 1989 (7,8). For most outbreaks of acute disease, the scope of an investigation is dictated by the levels of certainty about (1) the etiology of the problem (e.g., the specific pathogen or toxic agent) and (2) the source or mode of spread (e.g., waterborne, airborne, or vectorborne) (3). Author Kailash Prasad 1 Affiliation 1 Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Use of ebola vaccine: expansion of recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to include two additional populations United States, 2021. Describe the role of the community health nurse in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection, analysis, and follow-up. The two doses of this vaccine use two different vaccine components (Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo) and the regimen requires an initial dose and a booster dose 56 days later. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a6.htm Notify health officials if you have direct contact with the body fluids of an infected patient. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of medical workers in the radiology department toward the prevention and diagnosis of COVID-19.MethodsThis multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among medical workers in the radiology department of 17 hospitals between March and June 2022.ResultsA total of 324 medical workers were enrolled . Modify the affected environment by restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants. 2018 Apr;18(4):378. There are different ways of categorizing crime prevention efforts. This recommendation includes adults who are. The European Medicines Agency has approved the vaccine for the prevention of Zaire ebolavirus infection in children 1 year of age and adults. Definition of Prevention "Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability. The Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have approved the vaccine for the prevention of Zaire ebolavirus infection in at-risk adults 18 years of age. Primary prevention includes those measures that prevent the onset of illness before the disease process begins. Epidemiology, in particular field epidemiology, is a relatively young scientific discipline in the medical world, acquiring academic, and then public, acceptance only gradually over the past five to six decades. There are three prevention approaches that are crucial in decreasing mortality and morbidity of a disease: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a very rare disease that can cause illness in people. The sore is the location where syphilis entered your body. Based on the target (individual vs population), disease stage, and risk factors (modifiable vs nonmodifiable), strategies can be categorized into 4 levels-health promotion (also known as primordial prevention), primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. { "1.01:_Introduction_to_Personal_Health_Overview_and_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.02:_Health_and_Disease_Influence_of_Family_and_Community" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.03:_Three_Levels_of_Health_Promotion_Disease_Prevention" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.04:_Culture_Beliefs_Attitudes_and_Stigmatized_Illnesses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.05:_Determinants_of_Health_Risk_Factors_and_Prevention" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Personal_Health" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Nutritional_Health" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Personal_Relationships_and_Violence" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Human_Sexuality_Contraception_and_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Physical_Activity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Substance_Abuse_and_Addictions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Aging_Dying_and_Death" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Diseases_and_Disorders" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 1.3: Three Levels of Health Promotion/Disease Prevention, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FLumen_Learning%2FBook%253A_Contemporary_Health_Issues_(Lumen)%2F01%253A_Introduction_to_Personal_Health%2F1.03%253A_Three_Levels_of_Health_Promotion_Disease_Prevention, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 1.2: Health and Disease, Influence of Family and Community, 1.4: Culture, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Stigmatized Illnesses, Health Education, Advocacy and Community Mobilization Chapter: 4.