Some went to Canada or Sweden, but few of those who evaded the draft were actually prosecuted and most were eventually pardoned by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. Sad to say, many of these recruitment promises were fudged in one way or another, and many of these young men found themselves shipped directly to Vietnam after basic training. Tom was killed while assaulting the enemy on Dec. 7, Pearl HarborDay. For more information on this index on, Records relating to American prisoners of war and missing in action from the Vietnam War, including lists and descriptions of the record groups covering the Vietnam War that are held by the National Archives are also found in the FS Library US/CAN Book. The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. But given the draft policies, the hard-sell recruitment, the severe escalation from month to month and the refusal by President Lyndon Johnson to call up the older reserves and National Guard, it could not have been otherwise. While VVMF finances the name additions to the Wall, it is the Department of Defense that makes these difficult and often technical decisions. It should be emphasized that 55 percent of all Navy and Air Force officer casualties came as a result of reconnaissance and bombing sorties into North Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. Only 3 returned home. In a massive sampling of the database, it was established that between 5 and 6 percent of Vietnam dead had identifiable Hispanic surnames. At the time, approximately 1,300 names were designated as servicemen who were either missing or prisoners of war. During one review, Doubek found a glitch with the computer software: it did not recognize the spaces that appeared within a last name, such as van der Meide. Nor could it properly discern a compounded first name, such as Billy Bob, versus a traditional first and middle name. The Order of Precedence For Military Ribbon Wear, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pubH-5CulqI, Military Funeral Guide for Families & Funeral Homes, The Ultimate Military Gift Guide for Unique Military Gifts, Black Military History and Black Medal of Honor Recipients. For men who registered for the draft prior to 1976, the only Selective Service System information available is that of the individual Draft Registration Card (SSS Form 1) and Classification History (SSS Form 102) records. Their sons, if not college material, made up a significant part of the volunteers and draftees. The same profile holds true for the Marine Corps, where 87 percent of all officer casualties (821 of 938) were warrant officers, lieutenants or captains. The names of those who gave their lives and of those who remain missing are inscribed in the order they were taken from us. Lower end category IVs consisting of those who scored below 20 on the AFQT were usually rejected for service. Look for discharge papers, pictures, medals,etc. On the other end of that phone call was an former Air Force officer who had served in Vietnam. There are 58,267 names now listed on Vietnam Wall, including those added in 2010. Once a master list was compiled, the names were checked manually for errors. True enough, but many of the surviving Vietnam casualty families would reply that the ultimate unfairness is death at an early age, in a land far from home, for reasons not clearly defined. effort, but is a very effective means to express the enormity of the war and Download our app to find events, locations and programs near you. And in the patriotic camaraderie typical of Morencis mining families, the nine graduates of Morenci High enlisted as a group in the Marine Corps. Search the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund’s database of names on the wall. The resulting aptitude scores were used to classify entrants into four categories and this would, for the most part, determine their subsequent assignments. In a span of 16 dark days in late 1967, all three would be killed. This is the most accurate database online. More Info At www.themovingwall.org Visit site Except for the last file, there are approximately 10,000 names per file. U.S. Army Personnel and Dependent Casualties, 1961-1981 85% of the records in this database are related to the Vietnam Conflict. However, in 1980, President James E. Carter resumed Selective Service registration in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The figures show that on average 65 percent of white enlisted men and 60 percent of black enlisted men were high school graduates. Congress. If a service member were to return alive, a circlethe symbol of lifewould be inscribed around the plus sign. Be the first to learn about news, service member stories and fundraising updates from USO. Others, later in the war, were simply ineligible because of high lottery number. Names that become eligible for inclusion are added once each year, in May, a few weeks before Memorial Day. The Vietnam Wall at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park features the names of local fallen soldiers. COL LEWIS HERBERT ABRAMS SSG SAMUEL ABRAMS Jr PFC TIMOTHY C ABRAMS Jr WO ANDREW JOHN ABRAMSON CPL MIGUEL A ABREU-BATISTA Jr SP4 ANTHONY JOSEPH ABRUZESE PFC ROBERT ALEXANDER ABRUZESE PFC MICHAEL JOHN ABRUZZESA Jr SGT WILLIAM WALLACE ABSHEAR SGT RICHARD FRANKLIN ABSHIRE PFC JAMES ESTUS ABSTON Jr SSG ROBERT JOSEPH ACALOTTO SP5 PEPITO RIVERA ACERET But after World War II a kind of educational apartheid had settled over the United States. It is hard to believe it is 36 years since the last casualties. The Selective Service System remains in place today. Air Force Historical Research Agency 600 Chenault Circle Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6424Telephone: (334) 953-2395, ArmyU.S. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to Vietnam Magazine today! They went for a ride and she gently told them that their father would not be coming home. It stands near Panel 1W, which holds the name of the last to die in combat. offer to read the block of names that includes their special names. Each entry includes a panel number and letter; "W" is for "west" or the left half of the memorial, "E" is for east, or the right half of the memorial. compiled by Military Records and Research Library, Department of Military Affairs; edited by Julia D. Rather and Jeffrey Michael Duff, Research Our Records. The Navy fatalities were 2,556 or 2 percent. Of all enlisted men who died in Vietnam, blacks made up 14.1 percent of the total. Fill out the tour request form. An Air Force member, with his back to the camera, holds the POW/MIA flag during a full honors funeral for Air Force Second Lieutenant Richard Vandegeer at Arlington National Cemetery on October 27, 2000. The article was originally published in the June 1993 issue of Vietnam Magazine and updated in November 2004. The Vietnam War is no different. Fully 50 percent were in the 17- to 24-year age group, and astonishingly, there were 764 Army officer casualties who were 21 or younger. The 1970 census which is being used as our Vietnam era population base did not list an Hispanic count but gave an estimate of 4.5 percent of the American population. The directories are organized alphabetically by last name. Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Kansas, Sheridan County, Viet Nam records, 1955-1975, Vermont, National Guard, Vietnam war, 1950-1953, University of Utah - American West Center - Saving the Legacy/ Vietnam Veterans, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=United_States_Vietnam_War_1964_to_1972&oldid=5123794, Personnel discharged November 1, 1912 to January 1, 1960, Personnel discharged, September 25, 1947 to January 1, 1964, The Military Index is available at the FamilySearch Library and at most FamilySearch centers. The Marines of Morenciled some of thebest high school football and basketball teams that the little Arizona copper town of Morenci (pop. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. ARMY AND MARINE OFFICER CASUALTIES BY RANK AND AGE. "Home of record" does not necessarily refer to the place of birth, residence of next of kin, place of longest residence, nor other common uses of the term "hometown." http://www.freetoursbyfoot.com/vietna.. site, for searching with a word processor. Beside each name is a symbol that denotes a service members status: either missing or confirmed dead. The directories are organized alphabetically by last name. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. The Vietnam War was no different. Your donation to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund will help expand our mission to honor, educate and heal. One soldier, PFC Dan Bullock was 15 years old. Inscribed dots in the margins of every other panel mark every 10 lines to aid in counting. The Air Force lost the highest percentage of officers. West Virginia had the highest casualty rate per capita in the nation. The mission of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) is to honor and preserve the legacy of service and educate all generations about the impact of the Vietnam War. The names would become the memorial. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. This can be in the form of a book, The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Directory of Names, or one of the various databases. Thus, there were 211,455 killed and wounded, or one in every 10 Americans who served in Vietnam. The National Archives prepared these state level casualty lists by creating extracts from the Korean War Extract Data File and the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File, both as of April 29, 2008, of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Files, part of Record Group 330: Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. In this study we will refer to casualties as the 58,152 who died in Vietnam, but it should be emphasized that there were 153,303 who were wounded seriously enough to be hospitalized. When the Wall was dedicated in 1982, there were 57,939 names inscribed. If the demographic is expanded to 17- to 21- years, then we find there were 83 percent of Marine enlisted casualties, and 65 percent of Army enlisted casualties. The DOD database listed precise religious preferences for the 58,152 Vietnam casualties. The memorial is free and open to the public 24 hours a day, with rangers on duty to answer questions from 9:30 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. If a name was particularly long, it would be swapped with a shorter name. The numbers on the wall ascend from the center out toward the left and right extremes. Buis died, as did Army Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand, whose name is second on the wall. Frequently relatives or buddies of casualties Individual Award Case Files, 1969 - 1970. The Classification History (SSS Form 102) may contain: name; date of birth; classification and date of mailing notice; date of appeal to the board; date and results of armed forces physical examination; entry into active duty or civilian work in lieu of induction (may include date, branch of service entered and mode of entry, such as enlisted or ordered); date of separation from active duty or civilian work; and general remarks. The National Archives has an online searchable database, entitled "Records on Military Personnel Who Died, Were Missing in Action or Prisoners of War as a Result of the Vietnam War," documenting the period 6/8/1956 - 1/21/1998. Additionally, many of the names on the wall were other teenagers from the suburban white collar communities with siblings who were in, or would go on to college, but who, as individuals themselves, were slow to mature, struggled through high school and were therefore very available for the Vietnam War. The Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) was given to all entering enlisted men. Despite their inexperience, they were thought to accept discipline readily. the reader loses composure. It would also enable veterans to find groups of friends who died during the same incident. Interesting Veterans Statistics Of The Vietnam Memorial Wall There are 58,267 names now listed on that polished black wall, including those added in 2010. He tried to make the best call he could when adding names to the list. "Walking through this park-like area, the memorial appears as a rift in the earth, a long, polished, black stone wall, emerging from and receding into the earth. There are the still-grieving family members who come to pay respects as they would at a cemetery, to leave mementos and make chalk renderings of a loved ones name. Lins vision prevailed. Our combat arms were thought to be completely classless. A doctor arrived and gave his shaken mother a sedative. As one stands before the Wall one feels that no other judgment is acceptable to their living memory. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. has the names listed in chronological order by date of loss. Often that advice, especially for professional athletes, rock stars, sons of politicians and other celebrities, was to join the never-to-be-called-up reserves or National Guard. The panels come together to form a point, linking the first and last together in enduring tribute. Congress and the Johnson administration, therefore, sought to protect our college-bound and educated young men. As many as 3 million people visit each year, according to some estimates, and they come for probably as many reasons. Authority Record - NARA, Records of the U.S. to open, search, edit, or print the name files. About 58 thousand of the 7 million American service men and women who served in Vietnam died. Their names, however, have been removed from the printed Directory of Names. No other moniker for Sammy Davis Jr. was more accurate. Coast Guard Historians OfficeCommandant (CG-09224)U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters 2100 Second Street SW Washington, D.C. 20593. Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. The first Americans to die did not perish in a foxhole or beneath stars obscured by a jungle canopy. During and after the Vietnam War, the Department of Defense (DoD) compiled a list of combat zone casualties according to criteria in a 1965 Presidential Executive Order. The Wall USA is a non-profit endeavor maintained by veterans . It specified the geographic areas of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and surrounding coastal areas as combat zones. 1972 NAID 305367, Silver Star Medal and Legion of Merit Award Case Files, 19711971 NAID 5721359. On the last day of his life, in the moments before our nations history changed forever, Dale Buis was sitting around a rec center watching a movie called The Tattered Dress, starring Jeff Chandler. Charles Holley; chief editor, Robert J. Martin, 4th Infantry Division. Names can also be located on The Wall of Faces on VVMFs web site, www.vvmf.org/wall-of-faces, Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund | 3033 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300 | Arlington VA 22201 | 202.393.0090 For weeks and weeks, a team worked through the list, verifying spellings and ensuring that the computer printout that was to be used for the stenciling was correct. Therefore, a complete listing of the records that were lost is not available. The 58,152 names of those who died in Vietnam are etched onto the two rising black marble slabs of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The DOD database provides no civilian or military educational levels for the Vietnam casualties specifically, but it does give us general levels for all enlisted men across all the services during the Vietnam era. 3rd Battalion. When the sound of exploding hand grenades rang out in the hall, Buis and others ran toward the sound. We were one giant Hollywood B-17 bomber crew, one perfect socioeconomic platoon storming Omaha Beach or Okinawa. The makeup of U.S. combat forces in Vietnam has long been the subject of controversy among social scientists. They enjoyed roaring beer busts. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. Derek Turner is a freelance writer and a former senior editor of On Patrol. Thirty one sets of parents lost two of their sons. LeRoy was killed on Wednesday, Nov. 22, the fourth anniversary of President John F. Kennedys assassination. The list of names begins at the vertex of the walls below the date of the first casualty, 1959, and continues to the end of the east wall. Brothers Marlin and Norman Eversgerd were both killed in Vietnam. Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics, Korean War and Vietnam War casualties listed at the National Archives, Hospital Admission Card Files, ca. The Army as a branch had 134,982 killed or wounded (9.5 percent), but the Marines suffered 66,227 killed or wounded (22.5 percent) or almost one of every four Marines who served. Yet, a civilian heroine who served in a different capacity during that difficult time also merits particular acknowledgment. These casualties came largely from the Northeast and North Central regions of the United States, many from the traditionally patriotic, Catholic working class neighborhoods. The directory can be purchased on the VVMF store. The Army suffered the most total casualties, 38,179 or 2.7 percent of its force. 5,058) had ever known and cheered. Inscription at the beginning of The Wall. The Buddies of Midvale LeRoy Tafoya, Jimmy Martinez, Tom Gonzales were all boyhood friends and lived on three consecutive streets in Midvale, Utah on Fifth, Sixth and Seventh avenues. And mores the pity, because many of them were trying to escape this background and didnt make it. The Selective Service registration requirement was later suspended in April 1975. Through the AFQT process, the men scoring in the higher categories were more likely to be channeled into further specialized training and eventually assigned to technical and administrative units. At some The Moving Wall sites, the sponsor makes arrangements All would be represented equally, with generals listed alongside infantrymen. Locate the line on which the name is inscribed. It is not surprising, for instance, that West Virginia, Montana, and Oklahoma had a casualty rate almost twice that of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. The names of Army Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand and Major Dale Buis are inscribed on Panel 1E of the Vietnam War Memorial Wall. Army Major Dale Buis' name is etched into the granite half an inch tall, no bigger or smaller than any of the others. All of this was one of the great and abiding agonies of the Vietnam War, causing repercussions within families and on the national political scene to this day. Please take a moment to let our troops know how much we appreciate their service and sacrifice. Its still fought in the bodies and minds of the men who waged it all those decades ago. The mission of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) is to honor and preserve the legacy of service and educate all generations about the impact of the Vietnam War. The names of Army Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand and Major Dale Buis are inscribed on Panel 1E of the Vietnam War Memorial Wall. On November 7, 2021 VVMF began a daily virtual Reading of the Names. Only 5 to 10 percent of enlisted men in the combat units were estimated to have had some college, and less than 1 percent of these enlisted men were college graduates. Since its adoption in 1951, at the time of the Korean War, this policy had been renewed by Congress every four years. person reads for 20 minutes, (270 names) this will require 216 volunteer name In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. The names are arranged in the order in which they were taken from us by date and within each date the names are alphabetized. As we search for proper bookends to encapsulate the story of a generation at war, perhaps the best we can do is look at what is written in stone. Army Center of Military History103 3rd AvenueFort Lesley J. McNair, DC 20319-5058Telephone: (202) 685-4042, NavyU.S. The burden of combat fell on the very available non-college-bound young. The Army refused him, for medical reasons, both times. The feeling is that the poor, the undereducated and the minorities made up the vast majority of the combat arms during that war. Nursing the wounded. You must refer to a database, which gives the names in alphabetical order and includes the position of each on the Memorial. the person they know. I went through the whole list of names eight times, because I was concerned about the correct formatting, remembered Doubek. If your browser displays the text file, you can then use His name does not appear at either far end. The virtual Wall of Faces features a page dedicated to honoring and remembering every person whose name is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Proving a direct correlation to the injuries is a challenge, Pontes explained. He admitted no particular feelings about the righteousness of the war, and allowed himself to look ahead into a future free of war and obligation. The Army lost the greatest number of officers 4,635 or 59 percent of all officer casualties. They also died quickly, many within a few weeks or months of arriving in Vietnam. while they download, thank you. They seem honored to be putting the names on the Wall.. The war is complete, coming full circle, yet broken by the earth that bounds the angles open side and contained within the earth itself. Chronological order by date of casualty allows friends and family members to pick out their loved one from all of the others with the same name. There are officially 58,228 names on the Wall, but the database these files were derived . AGE 17 TO 21 PREFERRED ARMY AND MARINE COMBAT MATERIAL. It may come as a surprise to some that 63.3 percent of all Vietnam enlisted casualties were not draftees but volunteers. Your donation to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund will help expand our mission to honor, educate and heal. There are 58,267 names now listed on Vietnam Wall, including those added in 2010. There is some truth to this, but it is instructive to look at what the DOD database reveals in terms of race, ethnicity, national origin, religious preference and casualties by U.S. geographic areas. The names are listed in chronological order, according to the date of casualty. is complete, or you've done a "save as", you can use any word processor At the time, approximately 1,300 names were designated as servicemen who were either missing or prisoners of war. The numbers on the wall ascend from the center out toward the left and right extremes. The individual Draft Registration Card (SSS Form 1) may contain information such as: name, Selective Service registration number, age, date and place of birth, ethnicity, place of residence at time of registration and basic physical description. During the Vietnam War, the Navy and Air Force became substantially white enclaves enlisted and officer casualties were 96 percent white. As she wisely predicted, this would help bring the veterans back in timeand a cathartic healing would occur for many by facing this loss again.. The west wall is on the left when standing facing the vertex, and the east wall is to the right. However, there have been no such cases. This amounted to 4.1 percent of all enlisted casualties in Vietnam. Their sacrifices were honored July 8, 2009, in Washington during a ceremony commemorating the 50th anniversary of their deaths. Dates of enlsitment or selective service registration will be helpful along with the name military units they served with. November 11, 1982. The idea that American enlisted dead were made up largely of societys poverty stricken misfits is a terrible slander to their memory and to the solid working-class and middle-class families of this country who provided the vast majority of our casualties. As a region, the South experienced the greatest numbers of dead, nearly 34 percent of the total, or 31.0 deaths per 100,000 of population. Her name? This, they felt, would offer these men the opportunity to get remedial training in the service and then be able to compete successfully when they returned to civilian life. Beginning Research in United States Military Records, National Vietnam War Veterans Day - Wikepedia, National Park Service Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The result: no comprehensive master list of Vietnam War casualties existed. The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. the requirements were expanded (by. A(1780 names - 239023 bytes) B(5502 names - 737972 bytes) C(4363 names - 586584 bytes) D(2790 names - 374290 bytes) E(1082 names - 144866 bytes) F(1979 names - 265759 bytes) G(3036 names - 407075 bytes) H(4463 names - 598834 bytes) I(218 names - 29278 bytes) J(1845 names - 247563 bytes) K(2039 names - 273818 bytes) L(2594 names - 347007 bytes) It is instructive to read the literature of the war, the letters written home from those who died, the novels and narrative accounts of those who served in combat and then returned. Eight women were killed in Vietnam, five Army lieutenants, one Army captain, one Army lieutenant colonel and one Air Force captain. The essence of the Wall is the names and the reaction of the visitor to seeing his or her reflection in this sea of remembrance. With few exceptions, almost all of the 6,600 commissioned officers who died in Vietnam were graduates of the service academies, college Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), or the Officer Candidate School (OCS) programs. Access to Non-Archival Military Service Records is limited. As a result, it was mainly the families of Navy and Air Force pilots and crewmen who suffered the great agony of the POW (prisoner of war) and MIA (missing in action) experience that came out of the Vietnam War. He was a Navy enlisted man during World War II and has a degree in Political Science from Duke University. The draft policy at the time of the Vietnam War was called the Universal Military Training and Service Act. From 1964 to 1973, 2,100,000 men and women served in Vietnam, but this was only 8 percent of the 26,000,000 Americans who were eligible for military service. Beginning at the apex on panel 1E and going out to the end of the East wall, appearing to recede into the earth (numbered 70E May 25, 1968), then resuming at the end of the West wall, as the wall emerges from the earth (numbered 70W continuing May 25, 1968) and ending with a date in 1975. Vietnam War: in Country, Notice: Scanning of Vietnam-era Deck Logs, Vietnam War, 1961-1975. If officers are added, then almost 70 percent of those who died were volunteers. Alphabetical listing of the names on the Vietnam Memorial Wall . Quite a different profile emerges among the Navy and Air force officer corps. I looked at the record to determine whether mortal wounds were sustained, Doubek said of the men whose names were listed by the Army, but not by DoD. It should be noted, however, that the draft was specifically designed to trigger volunteer enlistments. The panels are numbered beginning from the center out toward the ends of each wall. Thats a tragic 2,415 more names on the Vietnam Wall in a single month. Jimmy died less than 24 hours later on Thanksgiving Day. The names of those who gave their lives and of those who remain missing are inscribed in the order they were taken from us. This makeup, they say, was the very antithesis of what we stand for as a democracy a shameful corruption of our values and our historical sense of fairness and social justice. Perhaps more important, many of them probably did not yet fully understand their own mortality and were therefore less likely to be hesitant in combat. It is more notable, perhaps, only because his was the first name engraved into The Wall. . In the military it can be somewhat more deadly. As Vietnam War Veterans Day nears March 29, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Foundation's Wall of Faces is nearly complete but needs help from the public to track down the last few dozen photos. Hed volunteered to join a small U.S. military advisory team attached to the South Vietnamese army, and hed been in the village of Bien Hoa for only two days. On that panel, above the names is this inscription: In honor of the men and women of the armed forces of the United States who served in the Vietnam War. The chronological order allows veterans who were in a battle to see their friends forever united on the Wall, he explained. Their service began on Independence Day, 1966. The memorial consists of three separate parts: The Three Soldiers statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall, also known as The Wall That Heals, which is the most popular feature. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. There are over 58,000 names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC. They lived only a few yards apart. Twenty-five years later, in an interview with People magazine, he described playing with his two younger brothers as the news reached their home in Imperial Beach, California. The slabs meet at a vertex of 125 degrees, 10 feet above ground level to form the Wall. Many of them, as experienced pilots, were older (two thirds were thirty or older) and many were high ranking. Of course, the Marine, Navy, and Air Force enlisted casualties were all volunteers, but as it turned out, almost 50 percent of Army enlisted casualties were also volunteers. 26 Similar Questions The first two names listed on Panel 1, East Wall, at the apex are from July 8, 1959. You may print these files and have the pages available for visitors to In terms of national origin/ancestries, an extensive sampling of the data-base reveals that Americans of French Canadian, Polish, Italian and other Southern and Eastern European surnames made up about 10 percent of the Vietnam casualties.
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