He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Check ' ' translations into Persian. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. all exact any . His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. 2011 Duke University Press [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Translations. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. How do people make money on survival on Mars? [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. section. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Feature Flags: { Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. . He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. university presses. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Nothing is known about his origin. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Verse 13. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. for this article. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Verse 15. View all Google Scholar citations recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Murdered by Radda. Son of Aksha. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Omissions? According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). An unpopular king, he was killed. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Was this answer helpful? Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Hiranya died childless. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). In 1380 C.E. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Verse 13. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs 23 February 2011. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir.